rs1318937

A genome-wide association study of 3,143 subjects (818 European-American cases, 1,396 EA controls, 449 African-American cases, 480 AA controls) identified a unique genome-wide significant replicable risk region SH3BP5-NR2C2 on chromosome 3 enriched with 11 replicable SNPs for alcohol and nicotine co-dependence, with effect sizes showing odds ratios ranging from 0.69–1.38 across the region and p-values from 4.1×10⁻⁷ to 4.1×10⁻³. The region was consistently associated across both populations with meta-analysis p<0.0001, and functional studies showed multiple SNPs had cis- and trans-acting regulatory effects on gene expression.