rs12916

This is a upstream gene variant variant in the HMGCR gene.

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GWAS Catalog Trait Associations (144)

Genome-wide significant associations (p < 5×10⁻⁸) from the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog.

low density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement

Graham SE et al. “The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids.” Nature 600(7890):675-679 (2021)
Allele C
OR 0.07
p —
N 1,320,016
Large GWAS
European
Verma A et al. “Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program.” Science (new York, N.y.) 385(6706):eadj1182 (2024)
Allele C
OR 0.06
p 7.0e-147
N 578,857
Major Consortium StudyLarge GWAS
multi-ancestry
Zoodsma M et al. “A genetic map of human metabolism across the allele frequency spectrum.” Nature Genetics 57(10):2445-2455 (2025)
Allele C
OR 0.04
p 4.0e-78
N 450,015
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Richardson TG et al. “Evaluating the relationship between circulating lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins with risk of coronary heart disease: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation analysis.” Plos Medicine 17(3):e1003062 (2020)
Allele C
OR 0.06
p 2.0e-187
N 440,546
Large GWAS
European
Sakaue S et al. “A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes.” Nature Genetics 53(10):1415-1424 (2021)
Allele C
OR 0.06
p 5.0e-173
N 416,487
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Loya H et al. “A scalable variational inference approach for increased mixed-model association power.” Nature Genetics 57(2):461-468 (2025)
Allele C
OR 0.06
p 5.0e-176
N 394,642
Large GWAS
European
Koskeridis F et al. “Pleiotropic genetic architecture and novel loci for C-reactive protein levels.” Nature Communications 13(1):6939 (2022)
Allele C
OR 0.02
p 2.0e-52
N 361,194
Large GWAS
European
Spracklen CN et al. “Association analyses of East Asian individuals and trans-ancestry analyses with European individuals reveal new loci associated with cholesterol and triglyceride levels.” Human Molecular Genetics 26(9):1770-1784 (2017)
Allele C
OR 0.07
p 3.0e-95
N 205,367
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Karjalainen MK et al. “Genome-wide characterization of circulating metabolic biomarkers.” Nature 628(8006):130-138 (2024)
Allele C
OR 0.07
p 3.0e-74
N 136,016
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Bentley AR et al. “Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-smoking interaction study of 387,272 individuals identifies new loci associated with serum lipids.” Nature Genetics 51(4):636-648 (2019)
Allele C
OR 2.05
p 4.0e-39
N 125,692
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Richardson TG et al. “Characterising metabolomic signatures of lipid-modifying therapies through drug target mendelian randomisation.” Plos Biology 20(2):e3001547 (2022)
Allele C
OR 0.05
p 8.0e-36
N 115,082
Large GWAS
European
Teslovich TM et al. “Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids.” Nature 466(7307):707-713 (2010)
Allele C
OR 2.45
p 5.0e-45
N 95,454
Large GWAS
European
Hoffmann TJ et al. “A large electronic-health-record-based genome-wide study of serum lipids.” Nature Genetics 50(3):401-413 (2018)
Allele C
OR —
β 0.083
p 1.0e-66
N 94,674
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Willer CJ et al. “Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels.” Nature Genetics 45(11):1274-1283 (2013)
Allele C
OR —
β 0.073
p 8.0e-78
N 94,595
Large GWAS
European
Davyson E et al. “Metabolomic Investigation of Major Depressive Disorder Identifies a Potentially Causal Association With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.” Biological Psychiatry 94(8):630-639 (2023)
Allele C
OR 0.05
p 5.0e-29
N 88,329
Large GWAS
European
Waterworth DM et al. “Genetic variants influencing circulating lipid levels and risk of coronary artery disease.” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 30(11):2264-76 (2010)
Allele C
OR 0.02
p 1.0e-11
N 17,723
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry

apolipoprotein B measurement

Richardson TG et al. “Evaluating the relationship between circulating lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins with risk of coronary heart disease: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation analysis.” Plos Medicine 17(3):e1003062 (2020)
Allele T
OR 0.05
p 9.0e-148
N 439,214
Large GWAS
European
Zoodsma M et al. “A genetic map of human metabolism across the allele frequency spectrum.” Nature Genetics 57(10):2445-2455 (2025)
Allele T
OR 0.04
p 1.0e-77
N 450,015
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Karjalainen MK et al. “Genome-wide characterization of circulating metabolic biomarkers.” Nature 628(8006):130-138 (2024)
Allele T
OR 0.07
p 2.0e-66
N 136,016
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Richardson TG et al. “Characterising metabolomic signatures of lipid-modifying therapies through drug target mendelian randomisation.” Plos Biology 20(2):e3001547 (2022)
Allele T
OR 0.06
p 1.0e-44
N 115,082
Large GWAS
European
Davyson E et al. “Metabolomic Investigation of Major Depressive Disorder Identifies a Potentially Causal Association With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.” Biological Psychiatry 94(8):630-639 (2023)
Allele T
OR 0.06
p 1.0e-34
N 88,329
Large GWAS
European

cholesteryl esters in medium VLDL measurement

Zoodsma M et al. “A genetic map of human metabolism across the allele frequency spectrum.” Nature Genetics 57(10):2445-2455 (2025)
Allele C
OR 0.04
p 4.0e-100
N 450,015
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Karjalainen MK et al. “Genome-wide characterization of circulating metabolic biomarkers.” Nature 628(8006):130-138 (2024)
Allele C
OR 0.05
p 2.0e-33
N 136,016
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry

phospholipids in IDL measurement

Zoodsma M et al. “A genetic map of human metabolism across the allele frequency spectrum.” Nature Genetics 57(10):2445-2455 (2025)
Allele C
OR 0.04
p 4.0e-88
N 450,015
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Karjalainen MK et al. “Genome-wide characterization of circulating metabolic biomarkers.” Nature 628(8006):130-138 (2024)
Allele C
OR 0.08
p 3.0e-81
N 136,016
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry

cholesterol in medium VLDL measurement

Zoodsma M et al. “A genetic map of human metabolism across the allele frequency spectrum.” Nature Genetics 57(10):2445-2455 (2025)
Allele C
OR 0.04
p 9.0e-88
N 450,015
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Davyson E et al. “Metabolomic Investigation of Major Depressive Disorder Identifies a Potentially Causal Association With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.” Biological Psychiatry 94(8):630-639 (2023)
Allele C
OR 0.06
p 2.0e-36
N 88,329
Large GWAS
European

cholesteryl esters in large LDL measurement

Karjalainen MK et al. “Genome-wide characterization of circulating metabolic biomarkers.” Nature 628(8006):130-138 (2024)
Allele T
OR 0.08
p 1.0e-86
N 136,016
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry

total cholesterol in large LDL

Karjalainen MK et al. “Genome-wide characterization of circulating metabolic biomarkers.” Nature 628(8006):130-138 (2024)
Allele T
OR 0.08
p 2.0e-86
N 136,016
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry

esterified cholesterol measurement, intermediate density lipoprotein measurement

Karjalainen MK et al. “Genome-wide characterization of circulating metabolic biomarkers.” Nature 628(8006):130-138 (2024)
Allele T
OR 0.08
p 7.0e-86
N 136,016
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry

intermediate density lipoprotein measurement

Zoodsma M et al. “A genetic map of human metabolism across the allele frequency spectrum.” Nature Genetics 57(10):2445-2455 (2025)
Allele C
OR 0.04
p 1.0e-85
N 450,015
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Karjalainen MK et al. “Genome-wide characterization of circulating metabolic biomarkers.” Nature 628(8006):130-138 (2024)
Allele C
OR 0.07
p 1.0e-78
N 136,016
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
Richardson TG et al. “Characterising metabolomic signatures of lipid-modifying therapies through drug target mendelian randomisation.” Plos Biology 20(2):e3001547 (2022)
Allele C
OR 0.06
p 2.0e-44
N 115,082
Large GWAS
European

total cholesterol in IDL

Karjalainen MK et al. “Genome-wide characterization of circulating metabolic biomarkers.” Nature 628(8006):130-138 (2024)
Allele T
OR 0.08
p 1.0e-85
N 136,016
Large GWAS
multi-ancestry
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ClinVar annotation

Drug Response
1 submitter

Statins, attenuated cholesterol lowering by

View on ClinVar →
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Research that mentions this SNP (1)

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The dual and opposite role of the TM6SF2‐rs58542926 variant in protecting against cardiovascular disease and conferring risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver: A meta‐analysis
AssociationN=13,577Carlos J. Pirola et al.(2015)· Hepatology

This doctoral thesis comprises three studies on metabolic syndrome-related traits. Study III is a GWAS identifying seven novel loci associating with circulating inflammatory markers (cytokines and adhesion molecules) in 5,284 Finnish individuals from NFBC1966, with meta-analysis including three additional Finnish populations totaling 13,577 participants. Studies I and II use Mendelian randomization and association analysis to examine metabolic effects of lipid-lowering therapies and NAFLD risk alleles (PNPLA3 rs738409-G, TM6SF2 rs58542926-T, GCKR rs780094-T/rs1260326-T, LYPLAL1 rs12137855-C, and NCAN rs2228603-T).

Traits studied:Cardiovascular diseaseCirculating inflammatory markersCytokines and cell adhesion moleculesIL1-betaIL1-receptor antagonistIL17IL4IL6IL8IP10Lipid metabolismMCP1Metabolic syndromeNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)Soluble E-selectinSoluble ICAM-1Soluble VCAM-1TNF-alphaType 2 diabetes riskVEGF
PubMedDOIMetascience Observatory

About HMGCR

HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis and is regulated via a negative feedback mechanism mediated by sterols and non-sterol metabolites derived from mevalonate, the product of the reaction catalyzed by reductase. Normally in mammalian cells this enzyme is suppressed by cholesterol derived from the internalization and degradation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) via the LDL receptor. Competitive inhibitors of the reductase induce the expression of LDL receptors in the liver, which in turn increases the catabolism of plasma LDL and lowers the plasma concentration of cholesterol, an important determinant of atherosclerosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2008]

View all HMGCR variants →

Gene information from NCBI Gene. Variant classifications from ClinVar.

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